31 Mart 2008 Pazartesi

TYPES OF ENGINEERING

The main Branches of Engineering are categorized:

Aerospace Engineering: Aerospace engineers design, develop, test, and product aircraft, spacecraft, aerospace equipment, satellites and missiles.

Chemical Engineering: Chemical engineer translate raw materials into usable commodities. They apply the principle of chemistry consider solving problem in production or using of chemical and biochemical. Chemical engineers apply principles of physics, mathematics, and mechanical and electrical engineering chemistry.

Civil Engineering: Civil Engineers design and construct roads, buildings, airports, bridges, water supply and sewage system. They must consider many factors in the design process, from the construction costs and expected living conditions and potential environmental hazards such as earthquakes and hurricanes.

Electrical Engineering: Electrical engineers design, develop, test and control the manufacture of electrical equipment. This engineering Electrical engineering is the application of the laws of physics governing electricity, magnetism, and light to develop new technologies to help humankind. If it involves electricity, it involves electrical engineering.

Mechanical Engineering: Mechanical Engineers design, develop and test mechanical devices such as engines, power trains, kinematics chains and vibration isolation equipment. Mechanical engineers design tools that other engineers need for their work.

The other types of engineering are:

Agricultural engineers: Design farm equipment, animal shelters, crop systems, and product processing systems.
computer engineers: Design, construct, and maintain electronic systems, but additional trainining in the areas of sortware design and hardware-sortware integration
Geological engineers: Solves earth related technical problems while at the same time protecting the environment.
Materials engineers: Study metals, ceramics, plastics, and composites to design materials for applications that may involve transportation, communication or power production.
Nuclear engineers: Work with nuclear reactors, fusion and radiation applications.
Industrial Engineering: Industrial engineers consider the most effective and efficient ways to use the basic factors of making a product on providing a service. Duty of industrial engineering is to provide productivity, efficiency, effectiveness and so this engineers applies the scientific management methods. Industrial engineering differs from the other engineering because that engineer manages whole system with other engineers in order to do duty. Moreover, unlike other engineering, human factor is important for industrial engineering. Consequently, industrial engineering must be in whole fields of industry to conduct people, machines, materials, information and energy.

References:
http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos027.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering
http://www.madison.k12.wi.us/toki/teched/vtypes.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering#Main_Branches_of_Engineering

MAX WEBER

Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German political economist and sociologist. He is one of the founders of modern sociology and public administration. Weber published The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1902), The Sociology of Religion (1920), Economy and Society (1922) and The Methodology of the Social Sciences (1949). In this essay, Weber considered rationalization in sociology of religion, economics, political science.

Weber’s two main contributions were:
-rationalization thesis_a grand meta-historical analysis of power of west in modern times
-Protestant Ethic thesis_ a non-Marxist genealogy of modern capitalism

These two theses helped start his reputation as one of the founding theorists of modernity. In addition, his avid interest and participation in politics led to a unique strand of political realism comparable to that of Machiavelli and Hobbes.


References:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076388/Max-Weber
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/

HENRY FORD

Henry Ford (1863-1947) began life as a farmer’s son and then become rich and famous. He is father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. He seek other industries and he found four principles which are interchangeable parts,continuous flow, division of labor, and reducing wasted effort.

Ford completed his first successful horseless carriage which is Qudricyle. He found Ford Motor Company and this company sold first reliable car.Then in 1908, Ford designed the Model T for the mass. It was light, fast and strong. Five years after, he had the important idea is the Assembly Line. This line enabled workers to consider doing one thing very well instead of to be responsible for a number of tasks.Henry Ford installed conveyor belts so that auto parts could be delivered right to the factory workers. The modern assembly line had been born, and with it the most cost effective and efficient means of producing products for mass consumption.

References:

http://www.biography-help.com/Henry_Ford_Assembly_Line.html
http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/ford.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_ford

ENGINERING AS A PROFESSION

Engineering is a profession in which the natural sciences and mathematics is use of economic and benefit of people. Professional engineers have extensive theoretical knowledge due to their education and then they can apply the knowledge in practice so they have skilled based on engineering methods and technologies.

reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession

WHAT ENGINEERS DO

Engineers solve problems by using mathematics,science, and computers. Their work between a scientific discovery and its application. They control production in factories, determine the causes of breakdowns, and test manufactured products to maintain quality. Therefore, engineers must have a lot information and undersatanding of the science and technology. Engineers create and desing so they have ability of these. Engineers generally work in industry, goverment, and business. In addition, some of them move on law or medicine, a business career, or postgraduate studies. Most highly paid engineering consultants and all senior engineering researchers and professors have advanced degrees in engineering.

References:
http://www.teachingtools.com/Slinky/engineers.html
http://appsci.queensu.ca/prospective/engineering/info/

MY PREFERENCE

If I were one of these scientist, I would prefer to be Frank Bunker Gilbreth because Frank worked time and motion study and efficiency. This things are very important for improvement for industrial engineering. Thanks to Frank Gilbreth, workers can produce more product in less times so he provided to spend time efficiency. In addition, Frank Gilbreth considered human factor with helping wife Lillion. He did not see workers such as machine. Consequently, they studied to improve overall job performance and worker efficiency so they provided to benefit for humanity. I want to be like Gilbreth.

ORIGINS OF ENGINEERING AND BEGINING OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION

ORIGINS OF ENGINEERING AND BEGINING OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION



The term engineering derived from word engineer. Engine’er meaned operates an engine which came from “a constructor of military engines”. Older origin of the word “engine” derived from ingenium in Latin and ingenium means “innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention.”

When human invented pulley,lever and wheel, the concept of engineering came into being. The first engineers were military engineers and the engineers concerned with road,briges and fortifications.

The first schools of engineering were founded in France in the middle of the 18th Century. France had establish military and polytechnic schools to teach engineering that produced Laplace, Lagrange, and Fourier.


The first school that offered engineering education in America was the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, beginning in 1802. The first school is the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute which give education of the civil engineering. By the end of 1800s, types of engineering programs existed at a number of universities nationally.

References:
http://www.seas.ucla.edu/hsseas/history/origin.html
http://www.hi.is/~joner/eaps/cs_histe.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering

ABRAHAM MASLOW


ABRAHAM MASLOW

Abraham Maslow(1908-1970) ,father of enlightened of management, is American psychologist. Maslow contributed to psychology with creating Hierarchy of Needs. His provocative ideas about incentive, self-actualization and synergy have become well-known idea to many managers, management theorists and trainers. His humanistic approach to psychology has influenced fields as diverse as counseling, health care, education and marketing.

Maslow ordered human being needs like a steps. The most important needs,at the bottom,were biological and physiological –air,water,food,sex etc.-. Then there are sefety needs –security,order,stabiliyt-. Followed by belongingness and love –family,relationship etc.- then came esteem needs- self-esteem,prestige,status etc.- . At the top of it all were self-actualizing needs- realising personal potential,the need to fulfill oneself etc.-

Maslow group that needs are arranged in a hierarchy in terms of their influence. Although all needs are instinctive, some are more powerful than others. The lower the need is in the pyramid, the more powerful it is. The higher the need is in the pyramid, the weaker and more distinctly human it is. The lower, or basic, needs on the pyramid are similar to those possessed by non-human animals, but only humans own the higher needs.

There are some important implication for management from Maslow theory. Employers must provide their employees lunch breaks, rest breaks, and wages that are sufficient to purchase the essentials of life to correspond physiological needs. Similarly, employers must provide their employees a safe working environment, retirement benefits, and job security in terms of safety needs.In addition,Employers create a sense of community via team-based project and social events to carrespond social needs. Moreover, with respect to esteem needs, employers recognize achievements to make employees feel appreciated and valued. Finally,Employers provide employees a challenge and the opportunity to reach their full career potantial.

References:
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhmasl.html
http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow_teorisi
http://www.businessballs.com/maslow.htm

HENRY FAYOL

Henry Fayol (1841- 1925) who is known the father of modern operational management theory was a French engineer and director of mines. French industrialist studied about the administrative aspect of scientific management. He contributed to modern concept managment with five main function of managment
1) planning,
(2) organizing,
(3) commanding,
(4) coordinating, and
(5) controlling
Fayol published the well-known book which is General and Industrial Management (1916). 14 principles of management with respect to that book:
1. Division of work : Specializing encourages continuous improvement in skills and the development of improvements in methods.
2. Authority and Responsibility : The right to give orders and the power to exact obedience.
3. Discipline. No slacking, bending of rules. The workers should be obedient and respectful of the organization.
4. Unity of command. Each employee has one and only one boss.
5. Unity of direction. A single mind generates a single plan and all play their part in that plan.
6. Subordination of Individual Interests. When at work, only work things should be pursued or thought about.
7. Remuneration. Employees receive fair payment for services, not what the company can get away with.
8. Centralization. Consolidation of management functions. Decisions are made from the top.
9. Chain of Superiors (line of authority). Formal chain of command running from top to bottom of the organization, like military
10. Order. All materials and personnel have a prescribed place, and they must remain there.
11. Equity. Equality of treatment (but not necessarily identical treatment)
12. Personnel Tenure. Limited turnover of personnel. Lifetime employment for good workers.
13. Initiative. Thinking out a plan and do what it takes to make it happen.

14. Esprit de corps. Harmony, cohesion among personnel. It's a great source of strength in the organization. Fayol stated that for promoting esprit de corps, the principle of unity of command should be observed and the dangers of divide and rule and the abuse of written communication should be avoided.
Fayol influenced Taylor while he studied about organizational structure in management. But Taylor's scientific management deals with the efficient organization of production in the context of a competitive enterprise that has to control its production costs while Fayol was interest in only one areas of the many areas. Taylor and Fayol viewed management process different side.

References:
http://www.12manage.com/methods_fayol_14_principles_of_management.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayol
http://www.ozyazilim.com/ozgur/marmara/orgut/yon_teo2.htm#_Toc465482723

30 Mart 2008 Pazar

FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR

Frederick W. Taylor(1856-1915) , the father of scientific management, was an American mechanical engineer who devoted to improve industrial efficiency. In 1911, Taylor pubished his work which is The Principle of Scientific Management and so he explain how to improve productivity with workers. He leaded the develpment of modern industry with his scientific managment theory.

Taylor thought that industrial managment was dilettante in his days so that managment could be regardes as an acadamic discipline. Consequently, the best result is gotten with combining a trained and qualified management and a cooperative and innovative workforce.

Scientific Management is known also Taylorism. This Taylor Scientific Management consisted of four main principles:
1. Management is a true science. The solution to the problem of determining fair work standards and practices could be discovered by experimentation and observation. From this, it follows, that there is "one right way" for work to be performed.
2. The selection of workers is a science. Taylor's "first class worker" was someone suitable for the job. It was management's role to determine the kind of work for which an employee was most suited, and to hire and assign workers accordingly.
3. Workers are to be developed and trained. It is management's task to not only engineer a job that can be performed efficiently, but management is responsible for training the worker as to how the work is to be performed and for updating practices as better ones are developed. This standardizes how the work is performed in the best way.
4. Scientific management is a collaboration of workers and managers. Managers are not responsible for execution of work, but they are responsible for how the work is done. Planning, scheduling, methods, and training are functions of the manager.
In general, aim of Taylorism is increasing work efficiency and production rate and also benefiting from workers efficiently.
Henry Fayol, Henry Ford, Gilberths etc. were influenced from Taylor. Taylorism was developed after Taylor.

Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor
http://www.mgmtguru.com/mgt301/301_Lecture1Page8.htm
http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/scientific/
http://www.stfrancis.edu/ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/bbios/biograph/fwtaylor.htm

GILBRETHS





Frank Bunker(1868-1924) and Lillian Moller Gilbreth(1878-1972) are world-fomous due to their pioneer work about time and motion study and efficiency.They were important people because of contributing to improvement of industrial engineering. Frank Bunker ended formal education after high school. Frank focused on motion and exhaution at his studies. He calim that every needless motion redouble exhaustion so efficiency can increase with eliminating this. By using this, he find the ways of bricklaying faster and easier. After marrying Lillian, they focus on applying the social sciences to industry. They try to make good the action of the worker instead of making changes to the work enviroment.The Gilberths developed method of time-and-motion study, and their research resulted in the publication of Motion Study in 1911.

Gilbreth decreased all motions of the hand into some mixture of 18 basic motions. These included grasp, transport loaded, and hold. Gilbreth named the motions therbligs, "Gilbreth" spelled backwards with the th transposed. Based on this, Gilberths used micro-motion study in order to record and inspect detailed short-cycled motions as well as inventing cyclographs and chronocycle graphs to examine rhythm and movement.

Lillion Evelyn Moller was American psychologist and the first lady engineering. By help of Lillion, they perform some studies with the human factor.
Gilbreths were influenced from Taylor about their studying of industrial engineering. However, while Taylor focus on the human element as well as the technical, Gilberths study to improve overall job performance and worker efficiency. They considered priority to human factor.

references:
http://www.kouemk.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70
http://www.telelavoro.rassegna.it/fad/socorg03/l2/Frank%20and%20Lillian%20Gilbreth.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bunker_Gilbreth
http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-233585/Frank-Bunker-Gilbreth